Museo8bits en 08:24 16 ago 2009

2009-08-16T08:24:08Z

Página nueva

<TABLE border=1 align="center" cellSpacing=0 borderColor=#00000 borderColorLight=#ffffff borderColorDark=#ffffff>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><tt>Vss</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>1</TT></TD>
<TD width="100" rowSpan=20 align=middle borderColor=#808080 borderColorLight=#c0c0c0 borderColorDark=#808080 bgColor=#FFFFFF>TIA</TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>40</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I0</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>SYNC</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>2</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>39</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I1</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>~RDY</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>3</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>38</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I2</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>Ø0</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>4</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>37</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I3</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>LUM1</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>5</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>36</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I4</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>BLK</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>6</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>35</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>I5</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>LUM2</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>7</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>34</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D6</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><-></TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>LUM0</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>8</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>33</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D7</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><-></TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>COL</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>9</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>32</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>A0</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><tt>DEL</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>10</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>31</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>A1</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><tt>OSC</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>11</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>30</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>A2</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>AUD0</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>12</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>29</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>A3</tt></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><-</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>AUD1</tt></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>13</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>28</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>A4</tt></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D0</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>14</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>27</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>A5</tt></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D1</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>15</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>26</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>Ø2</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D2</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>16</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>25</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>R/~W</TT></TD>
<TD><TT><--</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D3</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>17</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>24</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>~CS0</tt></TD>
<TD><TT>--></TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D4</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>18</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>23</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>CS1</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>--></TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>-></TT></TD>
<TD><TT>D5</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>19</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>22</TT></TD>
<TD><tt>~CS2</tt></TD>
<TD><TT>--></TT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><TT>Vcc</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>20</TT></TD>
<TD align=right bgColor=#c0c0c0><TT>21</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>~CS3</TT></TD>
<TD><TT>--></TT></TD></TR>
</table>

El '''Television Interface Adapter''' o '''TIA''' es la base de la [[videoconsola]] [[Atari 2600]] y fue creado por [[Jay Miner]].

El TIA se encarga tanto de generar la imagen que vemos en la televisión como de proporcionar acceso a las capacidades gráficas existentes en el [[hardware]] usadas para representar los gráficos de los [[videojuego]]s. Debido al coste de la memoria en la época, el TIA no cuenta con una memoria [[VRAM]] dedicada, con lo que tan solo genera una línea de imagen cada vez. La imagen se crea a partir de los datos almacenados en siete [[Registro_%28hardware%29|registros]]:

* Un color de fondo
* Dos [[Sprite (videojuegos)|sprites]] de ocho [[pixel]]es que hacen la función de jugadores 1 y 2 ('''players''').
* Una pelota ('''ball'''). Básicamente líneas de diferente tamaño.
* Dos proyectiles ('''missiles''' en inglés). Básicamente líneas de diferente tamaño.

El TIA gestiona por [[hardware]] la [[detección de colisiones]] entre estos objetos y almacena los [[Mapa de bits|mapas de bits]] de las colisiones, los cuales se suelen leer durante el periodo VBLANK (rutinas de borrado vertical de la lista de despliegue). Los [[Registro (hardware)|registros]] del TIA permiten al programador controlar la posición de los objetos así como su color. Además. el TIA también es el responsable de generar dos canales de [[sonido]] de los que el programador puede controlar el [[tono]], el [[Volumen (sonido)|volumen]] y el tipo de sonido. Por último, el TIA es capaz de recibir información de un [[joystick]] [[Señal analógica|analógico]] con [[potenciómetro]] y de sus [[gatillo]]s.

Programar para el TIA es muy complicado. Limitaciones como la ausencia de un [[framebuffer]] y el hecho de que 3 ciclos de [[pixel]]es equivalgan a uno de la [[CPU]] dificultan el trabajo del desarrollador, aunque lo hacen un interesante reto para los programadores aficionados.

Atari utilizó versiones mejoradas del TIA para sus [[Atari 400]] y [[Atari 800]] llamadas [[Color Television Interface Adapter]] ('''CTIA''') y ''George's Television Interface Adapter'' ('''[[Atari GTIA|GTIA]]''').

==Capacidad de Color==
El TIA utiliza diferentes paletas de color dependiendo del formato de televisión utilizado. Para [[NTSC]] dispone de un paleta de 128 colores, para [[PAL]] es de 104 colores, y para [[SECAM]] es solo de 8 colores.
{|
|rowspan=2|
;Paleta NTSC

:{| style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
| hue / luminance
| 0
| 2
| 4
| 6
| 8
| 10
| 12
| 14
|-
| 0
| style="color: white; background-color: #000000" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #404040" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6C6C6C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #909090" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0B0B0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C8C8C8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DCDCDC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECECEC" |
|-
| 1
| style="color: white; background-color: #444400" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #646410" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #848424" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A0A034" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B8B840" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D0D050" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E8E85C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCFC68" |
|-
| 2
| style="color: white; background-color: #702800" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #844414" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #985C28" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #AC783C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #BC8C4C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #CCA05C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DCB468" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECC878" |
|-
| 3
| style="color: white; background-color: #841800" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #983418" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #AC5030" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C06848" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D0805C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E09470" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECA880" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCBC94" |
|-
| 4
| style="color: white; background-color: #880000" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9C2020" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B03C3C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C05858" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D07070" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E08888" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECA0A0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCB4B4" |
|-
| 5
| style="color: white; background-color: #78005C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8C2074" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A03C88" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0589C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C070B0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D084C0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DC9CD0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECB0E0" |
|-
| 6
| style="color: white; background-color: #480078" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #602090" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #783CA4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8C58B8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A070CC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B484DC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C49CEC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D4B0FC" |
|-
| 7
| style="color: white; background-color: #140084" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #302098" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #4C3CAC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6858C0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7C70D0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9488E0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A8A0EC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #BCB4FC" |
|-
| 8
| style="color: white; background-color: #000088" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C209C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3840B0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #505CC0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6874D0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7C8CE0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90A4EC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4B8FC" |
|-
| 9
| style="color: white; background-color: #00187C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C3890" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3854A8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5070BC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6888CC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7C9CDC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90B4EC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4C8FC" |
|-
| 10
| style="color: white; background-color: #002C5C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C4C78" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #386890" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5084AC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #689CC0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7CB4D4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90CCE8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4E0FC" |
|-
| 11
| style="color: white; background-color: #003C2C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C5C48" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #387C64" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #509C80" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #68B494" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7CD0AC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90E4C0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4FCD4" |
|-
| 12
| style="color: white; background-color: #003C00" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #205C20" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #407C40" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5C9C5C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #74B474" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8CD08C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4E4A4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B8FCB8" |
|-
| 13
| style="color: white; background-color: #143800" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #345C1C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #507C38" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6C9850" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #84B468" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9CCC7C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B4E490" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C8FCA4" |
|-
| 14
| style="color: white; background-color: #2C3000" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #4C501C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #687034" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #848C4C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9CA864" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B4C078" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #CCD488" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E0EC9C" |
|-
| 15
| style="color: white; background-color: #442800" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #644818" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #846830" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A08444" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B89C58" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D0B46C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E8CC7C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCE08C" |
|}

|
;Paleta PAL
:{| style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
| hue / luminance
| 0
| 2
| 4
| 6
| 8
| 10
| 12
| 14
|-
| 0,1,14,15
| style="color: white; background-color: #000000" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #282828" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #505050" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #747474" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #949494" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B4B4B4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D0D0D0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECECEC" |
|-
| 2
| style="color: white; background-color: #805800" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #947020" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A8843C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #BC9C58" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #CCAC70" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DCC084" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECD09C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCE0B0" |
|-
| 3
| style="color: white; background-color: #445C00" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5C7820" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #74903C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8CAC58" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A0C070" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0D484" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C4E89C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D4FCB0" |
|-
| 4
| style="color: white; background-color: #703400" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #885020" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A0683C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B48458" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C89870" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DCAC84" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #ECC09C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCD4B0" |
|-
| 5
| style="color: white; background-color: #006414" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #208034" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3C9850" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #58B06C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #70C484" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #84D89C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9CE8B4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0FCC8" |
|-
| 6
| style="color: white; background-color: #700014" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #882034" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A03C50" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B4586C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C87084" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #DC849C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #EC9CB4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #FCB0C8" |
|-
| 7
| style="color: white; background-color: #005C5C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #207474" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3C8C8C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #58A4A4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #70B8B8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #84C8C8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9CDCDC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0ECEC" |
|-
| 8
| style="color: white; background-color: #70005C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #842074" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #943C88" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A8589C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B470B0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C484C0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D09CD0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #E0B0E0" |
|-
| 9
| style="color: white; background-color: #003C70" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C5888" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3874A0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #508CB4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #68A4C8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7CB8DC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90CCEC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4E0FC" |
|-
| 10
| style="color: white; background-color: #580070" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6C2088" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #803CA0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9458B4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A470C8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B484DC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C49CEC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #D4B0FC" |
|-
| 11
| style="color: white; background-color: #002070" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #1C3C88" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3858A0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5074B4" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6888C8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7CA0DC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #90B4EC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A4C8FC" |
|-
| 12
| style="color: white; background-color: #3C0080" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #542094" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #6C3CA8" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8058BC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9470CC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #A884DC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B89CEC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #C8B0FC" |
|-
| 13
| style="color: white; background-color: #000088" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #20209C" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #3C3CB0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #5858C0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #7070D0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #8484E0" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #9C9CEC" |
| style="color: white; background-color: #B0B0FC" |
|}

|-
|
;Paleta SECAM

:{| style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
| style="color: white; background-color: #000000" | 0
| style="color: white; background-color: #2121FF" | 2
| style="color: black; background-color: #F03C79" | 4
| style="color: black; background-color: #FF50FF" | 6
| style="color: black; background-color: #7FFF00" | 8
| style="color: black; background-color: #7FFFFF" | 10
| style="color: black; background-color: #FFFF3F" | 12
| style="color: black; background-color: #FFFFFF" | 14
|}
|}

== Enlaces externos ==
*[http://atarihq.com/danb/files/stella.pdf Stella Programming Guide]
*[http://atarihq.com/danb/tia.shtml TIA technical information]
*[http://www.howell1964.freeserve.co.uk/Atari/tia/index.htm TIA technical manual]
*[http://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~rbaeza/cursos/proyarq/avera/index.html 2600 - Programando juegos sin recursos]

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[[Categoría:Chips de gráficos]]

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Television Interface Adapter - Historial de revisiones

Museo8bits: 1 revisión importada

Museo8bits en 08:24 16 ago 2009

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