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The Project 64 etext of the ~Operation Market Garden manual~,
converted to etext by anonymous, obtained from the Asimov Apple ][
site ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/images/games/strategy/
SSI/operation_market_garden.zip, pointed to by Evin Mulron's Apple ][
SSI page http://www.concentric.net/~evin/ssi/.

OPMG10.TXT, May 1997, etext #243#.

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Operation Market Garden

 1.0 INTODUCTION................................1
 2.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY...........................1
 3.0 WEATHER DETERMINATION PHASE................2
 4.0 AIR STRIKE PHASE...........................2
 5.0 SUPPLY PHASE...............................2
 6.0 REINFORCEMENTS.............................3
 7.0 UNIT BREAKDOWN/BUILDUP PHASE...............3
 8.0 OPERATION PHASES...........................3
 9.0 COMBAT.....................................6
10.0 VICTORY CONDITIONS.........................6
11.0 STRATEGY AND TACTICS.......................6
12.0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY......................7
1.0 INTRODUCTION

On September 17, 1944 the largest daylight airborne operation in
history was conducted in Holland. Thirty thousand paratroopers were
landed in an effort to seize and hold a highway over canals and rivers
that led straight into the Ruhr valley of Germany. Breaking out from
the front lines was a full armored corps determined to drive up that
open highway into the heart of Germany. OPERATION MARKET GARDEN
simulates this combined airborne and armored assault fostered by Field
Marshal Montgomery.

1.1 Description of Action
Each game turn represents a full day of operations. These operations
include supply, air strikes, buildups and breakdowns of battalions and
regiments, artillery barrage plots, bridge blowing and building,
fortifications, mode changes, unit movement, and combat allocation and
resolution.

1.2 Talking to the Computer

To select a routine from a menu or answer a Yes/No guestion, Just
press the desired key.

1.3 Saving a Game
At the end of the Reinforcement Phase and every phase thereafter, the
computer will allow the player(s) to save the game in progress. You
will need a scratch disk to store the saved game data. Save game disks
for the AppIe must be initiatized for SSI use during a game by
following instructions included in the game program. Atari and
Commodore 64 users may use any disk that has been properly formatted
for use on their computer or format a disk from within the program.
Once a game is saved, you will be able to restart it at the point
where you left off.

1.4 Game Scale and Map
The game begins September 17, 1944 and ends September 26, 1944 for a
total of ten turns. Units in the game range from battaIions to
divisions.  The map includes parts of Holland and Germany superimposed
on a 32 by 31 hexagon grid. Each hexagon contains a specific terrain
type (clear, rough, forest, and town) and represents an area of about
two miles. Hexagons with a small white dot in the middle show Allied
ownership. German ownership is shown by a hexagon with no white dot.
Ownership changes when a unit moves into an enemy hexagon (very
important for supply). Rivers and canals are represented by blue
hexsides. Hexagons connected by a road have white hexsides in common.

The actual playing field of the map is bordered by white hexsides.
Only German units are allowed to move outside of the bordered area,
representing strategic movement. Allied zones of control do not extend
past the border nor may Allied units attack across it.

1.5 Units
The various units depicted in the game are graphically represented by
standard military symbols for type and size (see Unit Symbol Legend in
next column). Units are given a number of characteristics: unit and
parent unit designations, combat strength, efficiency, fortification
leve;, suppIy status, mode, command status, stacking value, and
operation points.  The standard unit of the game is the battalion.
These battalions may build up into regimental units which in turn may
break down into component battalions. Some understrength regiments may
build up into divisional units.  Various support and independent units
have also been included. Possible unit build-ups and break-downs are
found in the Order of Battle Chart.  Abbreviations used in unit
designations are inctuded at the back of the rulebook.

1.6 Starting the Game (Commodore 64)
To begin the game, insert the the game disk and type LOAD"*",8 and
press <RETURN>. When READY appears, type RUN and press <RETURN>.

1.7 Starting the Game (Atari)
Remove all cartridges from your computer. To begin the game, boot up
the Scenario side of the disk (800XL owners will have to hold down the
OPTION key when they turn on their computer to boot the game). After
selecting the starting values for your game, you will be told to
insert the Game Side of your disk.

1.8 Starting the Game (Apple)
To begin the game, boot your game disk and the game will start
automatically. If you are using an AppIe II wIth PascaI you must first
use your BASICS disk. If you are using an Apple III you must first go
into Apple II emuIation mode. If you are using the Apple IIe keep the
CAPS LOCK key pressed down throughout the game.

1.9 Parts Inventory
Your game should contain the following Parts:
a. Game box
b. Rule book
c. One 5 1/4" game disk
d. Two data cards

2.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY
OPERATION MARKET GARDEN is a two-sided game: Allied vs. German.  The
Allied forces must be commanded by the human player. The German forces
may be commanded by either a human or the computer.

2.1 Determing Conditions of Play
At the start of the game the player(s) must determine the conditions
under which the game will be played from the menu below:

1. NEW GAME SAVED GAME
2. LEVEL OF PLAY 1 2 3 4
3. HISTORICAL FREE SET-UP
4. SOLITAIRE TWO PLAYER
5. INTERMEDIATE ADVANCED
6. HIDDEN UNITS NON-HIDDEN
7. RANDOM WEATHER HISTORICAL

If you choose a saved game, all options will be pre-determined by that
saved game.

The level of play represents handicaps given to the Allied forces.
Level four is the easiest level and level one is the hardest. Level
three is the historical level.

The HISTORICAL/FREE SET-UP allows the player(s) to use the historic
drop zones or choose their own. Drop zones may not be targeted in
city, forest, or enemy occupied hexes. Glider units will only land in
town or clear terrain hexes. Units landing in rough terrain will
suffer losses. Each airborne formation's supply source hex will also
be designated by the player and will become the drop hex of
reinforcing airborne units. Be sure to land someone in the hex
designated as the supply hex to change ownership. When using this
option the starting German unit locations will be altered.  The
INTERMEDIATE game is less complex and easier to play than the ADVANCED
game. The ADVANCED game adds on options and features to the
INTERMEDIATE game. Such differences are explained in the pertinent
sections of the rulebook.

The HIDDEN UNITS option allows you to play a game where units of the
opposite side are hidden. Such units remain hidden unless they find
themselves next to enmey units.

At the beginning of each turn, players are allowed to set the time
delay of messages displayed on the computer screen by typing a number
from 0 to 9.

Players may choose random or historical weather.

2.2 Historical Set-Up
At the start of the game, the computer will assign all combat forces
to their locations on the afternoon of September 17, when the Allies
launched their offensive.

2.3 Sequence of Play
 1. Weather Determination Phase
 2. Air Strike Phase
 3. Supply Phase
 4. Reinforcement Phase
 5. Buildup/Breakdown Phase
 6. Allied 1st Operation Phase
 7. Allied 1st Combat Phase
 8. German 1st Operation Phase
 9. German 1st Combat Phase
10. Allied 2nd Operation Phase
11. Allied 2nd Combat Phase
12. German 2nd Operation Phase
13. German 2nd Combat Phase

3.0 WEATHER DETERMINATION PHASE
Weather affects the number of air points that each side receives. It
also determines the number of reinforcing airborne units able to drop.

3.1 Weather Conditions and Probabilities
There are three weather conditions: CLEAR, CLOUDY, and OVERCAST. The
first turn is always CLEAR. Thereafter there is an 18% chance of CLEAR
weather, a 37% chance of CLOUDY, and a 45% chance of OVERCAST. When
using historical weather, the following chart is used:

DATE      WEATHER CONDITON
---------------------------
Sept. 17  Cloudy
Sept. 18  Cloudy
Sept. 19  Overcast
Sept. 20  Overcast
Sept. 21  Clear
Sept. 22  Overcast
Sept. 23  Clear
Sept. 24  Cloudy
Sept. 25  Cloudy
Sept. 26  Clear

3.2  Effects of Weather on Air Points and Reinforcing Airborne Units
The Allies receive eight air points on CLEAR turns, four on CLOUDY,
and zero on OVERCAST turns. The Germans receive two air points on
CLEAR turns, one on CLOUDY, and zero on OVERCAST turns. If avaiIabIe.
ten airborne units may drop during CLEAR and five during CLOUDY
weather (see Order of Battle Chart).

4.0  AIR STRIKE PHASE
During this phase, players will execute ground attacks and air
interdiction.

4.1 Air Mission Menu
When players receive wair points, a menu will appear with the
following commands available:

(0-6): Centers the screen. 1-6 moves the cursor in the indicated
direction.

(Q)uit: Exits the menu.

(I)nterdiction: Adds an air point to interdiction of enemy movement
(Allies only).

(G)round: Executes an attack on the hex beneath the cursor.

4.2  Interdiction (Allies only)
Every air point allocated to interdiction acts to reduce operation
points received by enemy units. The more points allocated the greater
the effect. Enemy units are randomly affected.

4.3 Ground Attack
A single unit in a hex has about a 40% chance of being hit. Stacked
units and units in travel mode have a higher chance of being hit. A
ground attack will generally reduce a unit's combat strength,
efficiency. and operation points. A unit will never be eliminated or
retreated as a result of an air ground attack. Allied air strikes may
be conducted no further than six hexes from a unit of the 30th Corps
or a unit linked to the 30th Corps. The Germans may not ground attack
a unit of the 30th Corps or linked to the 3Oth Corps.

5.0 SUPPLY PHASE
Units may be in four supply states: SUPPLIED, OUT OF COMMUNICATIONS.
UNSUPPLIED, or ISOLATED. Supply states are determined by the ground
and airborne supply traces.

5.1 Ground Supply Trace
To be supplied, a unit must be able to trace a line of supply no more
than two hexes, unblocked by enemy hexes, to a supplied road. A
supplied road is one that can trace a line of road hexes off a
friendly map edge, unblocked by enemy hexes. The ferry hex-side is
considered a road hexside for the Germans during the supply trace.
Allied units must trace a line of supply off the roads in hexes 29,31
or 27,31. German units may use any other road leading off the map to
trace supply. An enemy hex is one that either contains an enemy unit
or one that was last entered by an enemy unit. An airborne unit
supplied by the ground trace is considered to be linked up with the
30th Corps. Players do not need to concern them-selves with the actual
trace. The computer does it for all units. Note that enemy zones of
control (hexes next to enemy units) do not block the supply trace.

5.2 Airborne Supply Trace
During the Supply Phase, each airborne unit is determined to be in
airborne supply if within eight hexes of its formation's supply
source. This trace may be through any type of terrain or even enemy
units. Airborne units linked with 30th Corps do not participate in the
airborne supply trace. The historicaI suppIy source hexes are listed
below. The Allied player chooses his own source hexes for the FREE
SET-UP option.

FORMATION SUPPLY SOURCE HEX
1st BR AB 3,7
101st US AB 15,26
82nd US AB 16,9
POL AB 8,7

A supply source that falls in enemy hands ceases to provide airborne
supply until in friendly control. The Polish suppIy source will change
if occupied by a German unit when the Polish Brigade actually drops.

ADVANCED GAME ONLY: During the suppIy phase the Allied pIayer will
move the cursor from each supply source hex and pass it through units
to be given airborne supply. Units so supplied will be temporarily
removed from the map (although for all purposes they are considered to
still be on the map). Only airborne units of that formation will be
given supply. The cursor will not supply a unit that is further than
eight hexesfrom the supply source. The cursor may not enter hexes next
to enemy units unless occupied by a friendly unit, enter hexes with
enemy units or cross major river hexsides except at bridges. The
cursor is prohibited from moving off the map across border hexsides.
You are allowed to accidentally move next to an enemy unit only once.
The second time this happens the supply phase for that formation will
be exited.

5.3 Supply States
A unit is SUPPLIED if it passes the ground supply trace. A unit that
fails the ground trace, but is supplied by the airborne trace is
considered OUT OF COMMUNICATIONS. A unit that fails both the ground
and airborne traces is UNSUPPLIED. An UNSUPPLIED unit that attacks has
a 50% chance of becoming ISOLATED and a 30% of becoming ISOLATED if
defending. It is assumed in such cases that the unit has nearly
exhausted its ammunition reserves.

5.4 Supply Effects
Units that are OUT OF COMMUNICATIONS have their operation point
allowance reduced from 20 to 16. UNSUPPLIED units receive 10 operation
points and have their fire strength reduced by 50% when they fire.
ISOLATED units receive 5 operation points and have their fire strength
reduced by 75%.  UNSUPPLIED and ISOLATED units lose efficiency each
turn.

6.0 REINFORCEMENTS
The computer will automatically enter reinforcements on the map
according to the Order of Battle Chart at the back of the rulebook.

6.1 Entry Hexes
If the entry hex of a reinforcement unit is enemy occupied or its
entry would violate stacking, the unit will enter a nearby entry hex
unless the unit is airborne. Stacking is modified for incoming units
in an entry hex regardless of normal stacking restrictions. Entry
hexes are listed on the Order of Battle Chart.

6.2 Delayed Arrival
Each side is allowed only so many units on the map at one time. The
Allies may have sixty-five and the German sixty-two units. If a
reinforcing unit would violate this Iimit then the unit's arrival is
delayed that turn.  The player would have to buildup units, or through
combat or disbanding, lose a unit in order for the reinforcing unit to
appear the next turn. A unit's arrival is also delayed if all
available entry hexes are full (Allies have only three) or occupied by
enemy units. An enemy controlled supply source hex results in
reinforcing airborne units being delayed.  Airborne units may also be
delayed due to the weather.

7.0 UNIT BREAKDOWN/BUILDUP PHASE
Units that plotted breakdowns and build-ups during the previous turn
will now execute that plot if eligible. Disbanding is also executed at
this time.

7.1 Eligibility for Breakdowns and Buildups
Units with buildup plots will search their hex for units of their
parent organization and will execute the plot if one or more are
found. Units that contain component battalions or regiments and are
plotted to break down will do so if the stacking limits or unit limits
would not be exceeded. The Allies may onIy have sixty-five units on
the map and the Germans sixty-two.  The built-up or broken-down units
will assume normal mode. German units off map and Allied units on
reinforcement hexes will assume travel mode. The Order of Battle Chart
dispIays all possible buildups and breakdowns.

7.2 Buildup/Breakdown Effects
A built-up parent unit has its strength increased by 15% when
attacking or defending. Units with a stacking value above one have
double the road costs when in travel mode.

8.0 OPERATION PHASES
During these phases players expend operation points performing actions
that include: moving, changing mode, plotting combat. and fortifying.

8.1 Cursor Menu
While in this menu a pIayer may choose the foIIowing functions:

(0-6): 0 centers the screen, and 1-6 moves the cursor in the indicated
direction.

(G)et:  Accesses the unit(s) in the hex beneath the cursor. You may
even access enemy units for examination only.

(C)ombat: Exits the Operations Phase and activates combat resolution.

(T)errain: Removes all unit shapes from the map to expose the terrain
underneath. Press any key to return units.  ADVANCED GAME ONLY: You
may not access enemy units for examination.

8.2  Unit Menu
When the (G)et function is used from the cursor menu and there is more
than one unit in the hex, a list of the units is displayed. numbered
from one to two, three, or four. Pressing a number will access that
unit while pressing (Q)uit will return to the cursor menu.

8.3 Command Menu #1
An accessed unit will have its name and a few of its statistics
displayed. A directional compass is printed in the comer as an aid for
movement. From this menu the player may execute any of the actions on
the command list or access the Command Menu #2 by pressing "D", or the
Command List by Pressing "L".

8.4 Command Menu #2
Unit's statistics are shown at the bottom of the map. From this menu
any of the actions on the command list may be executed. The Command
Menu #1 may be accessed by Pressing "D", and the Command List maybe
accessed by pressing "L". Below is an exampIe of an accessed unit with
an explanation of its statistics:

GE 9SS HQ DIV  STACK:2
CP:30  FORT:1  EFF:95 DB:N  ART:95(1)S
ORG:N-38  COMMAND:I  ADV:0 ATTACK
CLEAR  OP:2  NORMAL  SUPPLIED

The above HQ unit of the 9SS divIsion has a stacking value of 2, a
combat strength of 30, a fortification of 1, an efficiency of 95. and
is not plotted for disbanding. Its artiIlery fire strength is 95 (of
which 100% wouId be applied as protective fire to the first unit
attacked within range).  The artillery is short ranged which means
that the fire strength is halved at two hexes. The unit has no
breakdown/buildup plot - the German player may add up to another 38
units on the map. The unit is in command control. has plotted an
advance of zero hexes after combat, and has plotted an attack for this
turn. It is in clear terrain, has 2 remaining operation points, is in
normal mode, and is supplied.

8.5 Command List
The command list displays all the possible actions the unit may take
with the required keystroke. Command Menu #1 may be accessed by
hitting any key and Command Menu #2 by "D". No other commands may be
executed from this menu

(0-6): Centers and moves unit under the cursor in the indicated
direction.

(G)et: Accesses units in the hex.

(N)ext: The next unit on the map in order of appearance is scrolled to
and accessed.

(Q)uit: Exits unit and enters Cursor Menu.

(T)errain: Removes units from the map.

(X)Disband: Unit is plotted to be removed fromthe map (DB:Y or DB:N is
displayed). One third of it's remaining combat strength is distributed
among units in the same hex.

(F)ort: Fortify one level. The number following is the current fort
level.

(M)ode: Changes mode. Letter indicates present mode. (T=travel and
N=normal)

(B)uildup/Breakdown: Changes plot from N (no action) to D (breakdown)
or U (buildup). N-38, D-38, or U-38 is displayed. The number equals
unit slots available.

FOR ADVANCED GAME ONLY:
(A)dvance: Orders unit to advance after combat. The number may range
from 0 to 2 indicating the extent of the desired advance. The program
automatically determines this in the INTERMEDIATE game.

(O)ffensive Barrage: Allows an artillery unit to plot a barrage. Move
cursor to target and type "T".

(P)rotective Barrage: Allows an artillery unit to plot its protective
fire split among attacked units within range (1 = 100% to first unit
and 2 = 50% for first unit and 50% for the second). The command
toggles from Art(1) to Art(2) on the display.

8.6 Operation Point Allowances
Units of both sides receive operation points at the beginning of the
turn and then again at the beginning of the second operation phase.
The number of operation points received is dependent upon a unit's
supply status.  SUPPLIED units receive 20 operation points, OUT OF
COMMUNICATION units receive 16, UNSUPPLIED units receive 10 and
ISOLATED units receive 5. The first turn is an exception in that
airborne units have a random subtracted and most German units have
zero operation points. German units on turn two receive 15 operation
points per phase. Unused operation points from the first phase are
added to the second phase up to a maximum of ten. For example, a
supplied unit could have 30 operation points to expend in the second
phase, if only 10 or less points were expended in the first phase.
Reinforcing airborne units have a random subtracted regardless of the
turn. Reinforcing units may receive zero operation points the first
phase of the turn they arrive on, representing the fact that those
units arrived later in the day.

8.7 Moving a Unit
To move a unit simply press 1-6, corresponding to the direction you
wish to move (as indicated by the compass on the display). Pressing
"0" will center the unit on the screen. The operation point cost of
the hex moved into will be subtracted from the unit's remaining
operation points (see Operation Costs Table for complete list of
costs). If a unit has insufficient operation points to move into a hex
it will not move unless the unit hasn't yet moved that turn and the
hex being moved into is not adjacent to an enemy unit (note that this
is per turn not per phase). The unit is then moved and its operation
points is reduced to zero. Every time a unit fails to move into a hex
it loses a random of one to three operation points.

8.8 Zones of Control, Movement Restrictions and Stacking
The six hexagons surrounding a unit constitute its zone of control
(ZOC). Units must pay an additional operation point cost to enter or
leave an enemy ZOC. Units moving in normal mode directly from one
enemy ZOC to another have their operation points reduced to zero.
Bridge building may not be conducted in enemy ZOC. Units that must
retreat into an enemy ZOC lose extra casualties.

Allied units may not move off or attack across the border of the map.
Allied ZOC do not extend across the border hexsides.

Units may not use road movement costs unless in travel mode. Units
except for airborne and infantry may only cross a stream, canal, or
river in travel mode at a bridge. Allied airborne units may cross
rivers only with the aid of an engineer. Engineers may only transport
one airborne unit per operation phase. The engineer must be in the
same hex as the transporting unit or in the hex being moved into. One
unit per combat phase may also advance (but not retreat) after combat
across a river with the same restrictions. The engineer unit of the
1st British airborne has no river crossing capabilities.

Units have a stacking value of one to four. A parent unit has a
stacking value egual to the number of units built into it. No more
than four stacking points may be in a hex at anyone time (except for
incoming reinforcing units). Units in travel mode pay one more
operation point to stack with friendly units.

The river hexside between hexes 10,4 and 10,5 is a ferry point that
maybe used by German units in travel mode at a cost of 10 operation
points.  Only one German unit Per turn may cross the ferry. German
units wilI not be allowed to retreat or advance after combat across
the ferry.

ADVANCED GAME ONLY: Units in travel mode may not stack together
(except incoming reinforcements).

8.9 Travel Mode and Road Movement
A unit may change from normal to travel mode or from travel to normal
mode at the cost of operation points (see Operation Costs Table).
Units in travel mode change automatically to normaI mode when
retreated. Travel mode units have their modified combat strength
reduced by 67%. Artillery units will not conduct barrages if in travel
mode.

Units may only use road movement costs when in travel mode. Units in
travel mode may only move into a hex that has a white hexside in
common with its current hex, That white hexside represents a road
connecting the two hexes. Travel mode units expend an additional point
to stack. When playing the ADVANCED game units in travel mode may not
stack together.

8.10 Command Control
In the INTERMEDIATE GAME all units are considered to be in command
control and therefore do not suffer any out-of-command movement costs.
ADVANCED GAME ONLY:Units that begin the turn in the same hex or next
to the HQ unit of their formation are in command control. Command
control of a unit is displayed as "I" for in command and "O" for out
of command. Units out of command may incur an additional zero to three
operation point cost when moving in normal mode or when executing
combat

8.11  Fortifications
A unit may fortify to five levels by expending the operation point
cost (see Operation Cost Table). Fortification costs more when the
unit is next to an enemy unit. Presence of an engineer unit decreases
fortification costs.  When a unit moves, it's fortification level
returns to zero. A unit's chances of retreating are decreased when
fortified. A unit's losses are reduced by 5% per fort level.

8.12  Bridge Building and Blowing
When an Allied unit first attempts to cross certain bridges there is
about a 30% chance that the bridge will blow. Levels of difficulty
modify this percentage. A bridge is checked only once per game. It
either blows then or never blows. An Allied engineer unit that finds
itself next to a blown bridge site at the beginning of its operation
phase will automatically re-buiId it at the cost of 20 operation
points. There are five bridges that will never be blown on the map.
They are indicated on the laminated map card.  ADVANCED GAME ONLY: An
Allied engineerunit must be in normal mode to be eligible to build a
bridge.

8.13 Artillery
Headquarter and artillery units contain artillery fire strength that
maybe applied to offensive and protective fire barrages. This fire is
automatically applied to the target unit, provided the artillery unit
is within range, is not in travel mode, hasn;t plotted normal combat,
and hasn't fired that phase. Some units have artillery fire that is
limited to one hex.  and some have their fire strength halved at two
hexes. The units that fire at normal strength at two hexes have an "L"
following their displayed fire strength. Those halved at two hexes
have an "S", and those with the one hex range have a "D". Some units
will receive additional artillery fire strength points as
reinforcements if in ground or airborne supply according to the chart
below:

UNIT    TURN FIRE POINTS
-------------------------------
HQ/101380
HQ/101580
HQ/1335
HQ/59488

ADVANCED GAME ONLY: In the advanced game, players actually plot the
target hex of the offensive barrage. Move the cursor to the desired
hex and press "T". Protective fire is plotted to hit the first attack
withinrange or the first two attacks (at 50% strength each), depending
on the plot. The plot is toggled between Art(1) and Art(2) by pressing
"P".

8.14 Engineers
Allied engineers have several important functions. They build bridges,
facilitate fortification, transport airborne units across rivers, and
give a combat bonus. See the appropriate sections for details.

8.15 Plotting Cobat
Both the defender and attacker expend operation points in combat just
before combat is resolved. A unit that attempts to move onto an enemy
unit will plot combat against that hex. A unit with insufficient
operation points will fail to attack when combat is resolved. The
direction that the unit attacked will now be displayed in Command Menu
#1 whenever the unit is accessed. The notation "ATTACK" will also
appear in the unit Menu. Combat plots may not be rescinded.

Battles are resolved in the order that they are initiated. In
addition.  the order that individual units are plotted to attack the
same defender affects their impact on the battle. The first unit to
plot the attack incurs no modification to its combat strength. The
second unit attacks at 80% of strength, the third at 60%, and any unit
thereafter at 40% of strength.  Losses allocated to attacking units
are also affected by the order of attack.

8.16 Plotting Advances After Combat
In the INTERMEDIATE GAME, advances after combat are automatically
handled by the computer. The computer equally divides the available
attacking units to advance among the attacking hexes, vacated hexes,
and hexes in the path of retreat. The units who attacked the hex first
will be the ones to advance the furthest.

ADVANCED GAME ONLY: Players plot the number of hexes (0 to 2) to
advance after combat for each unit. The advance will follow the path
of retreat of enemy units.

9.0 COMBAT
When the Combat Phase is initiated, each combat plotted by the player
is resolved in order of the actual plotting. For each battle,
artillery protective fire on attacking units is resolved first
followed by offensive barrages on defending units. Defensive fire is
then conducted against attacking units, followed by offensive fire by
attacking units. Retreats and advances are then executed. Odds,
losses, and retreat results are dispIayed on the screen. In addition,
the approximate unmodified combat strength and hex location of the
defender are also displayed.

9.1 Efficiency
Each unit has an efficiency that ranges from 40% to 100%. A unit's
combat strength is directly modified by its efficiency (a combat
strength of 50 with 90% efficiency would have a modified strength of
45). Efficiency represents fatigue and disruption incurred by a unit
from movement and combat. A unit loses efficiency for every hex it
moves into (except when in travel mode). A unit loses efficiency in
battle according to its losses.  Attacking units will lose more
efficiency than defending units on a per loss basis. Isolated and
unsupplied units lose efficiency at the beginning of each turn.

Units in supply regain some efficiency at the beginning of each turn.
Any unused operation points from the previous movement phase recover
efficiency on a point for point basis at the beginning of the turn.

9.2 Fire Strengtb Modifiers and Bonuses
A unit will start with a fire strength egual to its combat strength.
It is subsequently modified by a series of factors that include order
of attack, supply status, unit type, and battle time. Battle time is
the amount of actual time the unit spent assaulting the position. This
is determined by checking how many operation points it had remaining
before subtracting the cost for attacking. A list of such modifiers
and bonuses are located on the Fire Strength Modifiers and Bonuses
chart.

9.3 Casualties
Every ten fire strength points (after modification) applied against a
target results in a loss of one combat strength point. These losses
are further modified by a series of factors that include terrain,
fortification, and unit type. These modifiers are located in the
Casualty Modifier chart.

9.4 Retreats and Advances
Retreats are based on the percent of casualties lost, unit
efficiencies, fortification leveIs, and a random. Units in cities and
units without retreat routes will not retreat.

The computer will automatically retreat and advance units. Generally,
units will retreat toward friendly lines away from the attacking
force, following roads where possible. Advancing units will follow the
retreating unit's path. The first unit to plot the attack will advance
first if eligible. Units will not advance or retreat where normally
prohibited in regular movement. Units expend operation points when
retreating or advancing (except ZOC costs). A unit wiIl advance or
retreat even if it has insufficient operation points.

10.0  VICTORY CONDITIONS
The Allied player gains victory points for controlling and keeping in
supply objective hexes. They lose points for overrun airborne supply
source hexes and German controlled town/city hexes. The Allied score
is used to determine the leveI of victory.

10.1  Victory Points
The Allied unit receives victory points at the end of the game per
controlled, supplied objective hex, The hexes adjacent to the
objective hex must also be controlled and in supply in order to
receive the victory points for the objective hex. The objective hexes
and their point values are Iisted below:

HEXPOINTS
-------------------
10,425
 8,410
12,920

The Allied player loses three points the instant the 1st airborne's
supply source is overrun. He loses two points each for the supply
hexes of the 101st and the 82nd when overrun.

The Allied loses one point per German controlled town/city hex at the
end of the game.

10.2 Victory Levels
The Allied score at the end of the game is compared to the chart below
for the level of vIctory.

SCORELEVEL OF VICTORY
-------------------------------
42 +Allied Strategic
20 to 41 Allied Tactical
13 to 19 Draw
1 to 12 German Tactical
0 and less German Strategic

11.0  STRATEGY AND TACTICS
After playing the game several times, the designers and playtesters
give the following suggestions:

11.1  Allied Player
You will find that you have several different pockets of troops that
need to be linked up. Your paratroopers must open the way for the 30th
Corps units to roll through to Arnhem and also hold that narrow
corridor open to supply.

The 1st British airborne division, landing near Arnhem, must move
quickly to capture the bridge at Arnhem. It must also protect it's
source of supply whiihc is unfortunately far away from the bridge. The
mounting German resistance will make this a challenge.

The American 82nd airborne, landing near Nijmegen, must capture the
bridges near Grave and Nijmegen and at the same time defend their
suppIy source, which from the outset may be under attack. The bridge
at Nijmegen is crucial to the whole operation and will be difficult to
capture.

The Arnerican 101st airborne, landing near Best, must clear the
bridges at Veghel, Best, and Zon. Taking Eindhoven and the bridge
there is essential to breaking the way open to the 30th Corps. German
forces will threaten your lines of communications from the east and
the west.

The 30th Corps has the challenge of piercing the German line as
quickly as possible and drive up the highway to Arnhem. Its narrow
avenue of assault and stiff resistance will invariably slow it down.
Good weather and well placed air strikes should ease the way to
relieve the waiting paratroopers.

11.2 German Player
Your forces outside Amhem are strong enough to isolate and batter down
the British 1st airborne division. It would be wise to send units of
the 10SS division across the ferry to reinforce your token forces at
the Nijmegen bridge. The gathering forces at Kleve should march on the
82nd airborne's supply source. The 107 Panzer formation coming in from
the east should move across the map and cut the highway at Zon, Vegal
or Uden. The units arriving at Best should dig in and threaten the
highway. The units in front of the 30th Corps advance should delay
until the last man. As you can see the German player has an assortment
of side actions to be fought all with the single purpose of slowing
down and haIting the Allied advance along that highway leading into
the heartland of Germany.

An alternate strategy to the above would be to send all available
units to the Arnhem area to contest Allied advances across the Rhine
river.

11.3 Tactical Hints
1. When making a determined assault, buildup your units and attack
with your strongest unit first. Take special note that armor is
significantly reduced when firing into rough and forest hexes. It
maybe better to attack with an infantry unit.

2. Be aware of the potential hitting power of air strikes, especially
those delivered by the Allies. Air interdiction is an effective way of
slowing down German forces on the second and third days.

3. As the Allies, be sure to breakdown most of your airborne units to
battalions, enter travel mode, and check out allbridges in the area.
Start early in establishing a protective corridor centered on the
highway to Arnhem.

4. Allies should keep engineer units at the front of the 30th Corps
advance, placing them at bridge sites.

5. HQ units are valuable in that most contain a powerful artillery
contingent and provide command control.

6. Keep in mind the variety of tasks that engineers perform: bridge
building, aiding fortification construction, combat bonus, and river
crossings.

7. Be aware ofthe movement bonuses and restrictions of units in travel
mode.  Most units can cross a river or stream only at a bridge in
travel mode.

8. Take note that units in cities are never forced to retreat. They
fight to the bitter end.

9. As the Allies, be very protective of your airborne supply sources,
losing a supply source will effectively neutralize that division as a
fighting force.

10. Take note that the Allied airborne forces are the only units able
to transport across rivers with the aid of engineers. This makes then
invaluable in the last half of the game when the Rhine river line must
be breached.


12.0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY
On September 10, 1944 Field Marshal Montgomery proposed an ambitious
plan that involved a massive combined airborne and armored assault to
get across the Rhine river and strike at the industrial center of
Germany in the Ruhr valley. The plan encompassed the dropping of more
than three airborne divisions and the front line break-out of a full
armored corps. The airborne divisions would secure the highway and
bridges between the front lines and the city of Arnhem, the back door
to the Ruhr valley. The armored corps would roll up the highway and
over the bridges into the heart of industrial Germany. An astute
observation by GeneraI Browning, overall commander of the airborne
units, that they might be going a bridge too far proved all too
prophetic.

September 17, saw a near perfect dropping of the three airborne
divisions. With good weather and air superiority, the Allies enjoyed
minimal scattering and casualties.

The 1st British airborne division landed about seven miles west of the
Arnhem bridge. The jeep recon unit, along with three battalions of
paratroopers, moved quickly toward the bridge. Two of the battalions
and the recon unit were stopped by an SS Training battalion between
them and the bridge. The other battalion slipped by along the river
and took the northern approaches to the bridge at Arnhem, but were
prevented from capturing the southern end by a German unit.

The American 82nd division got off to a good start by taking the
bridge at Grave and clearing the area around Groesbeek. Although a
crossing was taken over the Mass-Waal Canal, the all important bridge
at Nijmegen was left in German hands.

The American 101st Airborne division took the bridge at Veghel, but
had the bridge at Zon blown up in their faces. Movement toward
capturing the bridge at Best resulted in a heavy contest with German
units in the area.  The 30th Corps was nearly stopped dead in its
tracks by unexpected resistance, covering only half the distance to
Eindhoven by the end of the first day despite massive air strikes and
artillery barrages.

On the second day, September 18, the weather was cloudy, interfering
with the planned airlifts. The 1st airborne continued its struggle to
reach the Arnhem bridge in force. The lone and isolated battalion at
the bridge gallantly fought off German attacks. German units from the
9th SS division and independent units from the west steadily squeezed
the airborne units out of their initial drop and supply zones.
Communication problems prevented the higher command in Britain from
knowing what was going on.

The 82nd captured another bridge across the Maas-Waal Canal, but
attempts to clear the southern approaches of the bridge at Nijmegen
failed.  The 82nd was also involved in heavy fighting to protect its
suppIy drop zones.

The 101st fought its way to the bridge at Best, only to have it
destroyed. Units of the 30th Corps reached the blown bridges site at
Zon at the end of the day.

On the third day, weather prevented the Poles and airborne
reinforcements from making air drops. The British battalion at the
Arnhem bridge still hung on. The tanks of the 30th Corps rolled across
the constructed bridge at Zon and reached Nijmegen by noon. Determined
attacks by the 82nd and the 30th Corps failed to dislodge the Germans
at the Nijmegen bridge.The 101st aided by armor from the 30th Corps
pushed the Germans out of Best. The 107th Panzer Brigade, striking out
from the east nearly captured Zon before being stopped.

On the fourth day, the 1st airborne was forced to retreat into the
Osterbeek area, abandoning their supply drop zones. The Poles were
again prevented from dropping due to bad weather. The Germans
recaptured the Arnhem bridge in the late afternoon, but were unable to
clear the wreckage until the next day. Also in the afternoon a
battalion of the 82nd, aided by 30th Corps engineers, amphibiously
assaulted across the Waal River. British tanks forced their way across
the Nijmegen bridge which failed to blow, linking up with the airborne
battalion by the end of the day.

On the fifth day the weather cleared, allowing the Poles to drop near
Driel. The British tanks of the 30th Corps were stopped about six
miles from Arnhem on the narrow raised highway from Nijmegen.

The sixth day saw the 1st airborne dwindling in strength and supplies.
Units 8f the 30th Corps grappled with German units between Nijmegen
and Arnhem with little progress made other than relieving the PoIes at
Driel.  German units cut the highway just north of VegheI, forcing
units from the 30th Corps to go back and clear the corridor, aided by
the 101st. The German operation seriously interrupted the flow of
supplies to the north. The Allied advance was essentially ground to a
stop. In the next few days what little remained of the 1st Airborne
was evacuated across the river.

At a tremendous cost the Allies had a fifty mile corridor going
no where. Arnhem was in German hands and would remain so until April
of 1945.

*********

End of the Project 64 etext of the Operation Market Garden manual.

*********
